pdf

phonology

Phonology

1.Defenition about phonology

       Phonology is the study of speech sound or Phonology can be described as an aspect of language that deals with rulesfor the structure and sequencing of speech sounds. Every language has a wide variety of speech sounds (phonemes).

2.defference between an phonology and phonetics

1.Phonology

     The study of speech sounds of a given language and their function within the sound system of that language

2.Phonetics                                                                                          

      The study of speech processes, including the anatomy, neurology, and pathology of speech, the articulation,

Spesification,classification of speech  sound

3. The IPA  

      Phonologists and phoneticians generally have to use special symbols – usually the IPA, orInternational Phonetic Alphabet

1.consonants

      Here are some other symbols for consonants with examples of the sounds (italicised) from English words. The alternative symbols have been included for information and will not be used in this module.

IPA Symbol	Word	Alternative Symbols		IPA Symbol	Word	Alternative Symbols
g	get			x	loch (Scottish)
Z	pleasure	(American)		dZ	jam	(American)
S	ship	(American)		tS	chin	(American)
N	sing			?	settle (Cockney)
T	thin			j	yes	y (American)
D	this

2.vowels

     Here are some vowel symbols. Vowels are different from consonants (here I am talking about sounds, not spelling) in that there is relatively little obstruction to the air passage. The kind of vowel sound that you produce will therefore depend on how you adjust some of the movable organs that affect the sound produced – especially your tongue position and whether you round  (pucker) or spread your lips.

      If you took an x-ray picture of your oral cavity whilst saying particular vowel sounds, you will notice that the tongue can be raised more or less (be in a close/high or open/low position), and whether the raising is towards the front (towards the lips) or the back (towards the throat).

	[i] is the sound in tea; the tongue is high (close), and raised in front		[u] is the sound in two; the tongue is high (close), and raised at the back	[A] is the sound in tar; the tongue is low (open), and raised at the back

4.phonology processes

       Phonological processes are patterns of speech found in many typically developing children. For example, weak syllable deletion is when a child deletes syllables from a multisyllabic word. A child may say, nana rather than saying, banana, a child may also delete final consonants from words, cu for cup. Phonological processes become problematic when they do not disappear by a certain age. There developmental data that indicates when phonological processes typically disappear. There are different norms for different processes